04 - 4572 Words

Chapter 4: Constraints TRUE/FALSE 1. Constraints are rules used to enforce business rules, practices, and policies. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 91 2. Constraints are used to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the data contained in the database. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 91 3. A constraint can only be created as part of the CREATE TABLE command. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 93 4. A constraint name can consist of up to 10 characters. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 93 5. A primary key is usually given the abbreviation _pk in the constraint name if the name is assigned by the user. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 93 6. Any constraint can be created at the table or the column level. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 94 7. A foreign key constraint can only be created at the column†¦show more content†¦_________________________ ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 93 5. A NOT NULL constraint can only be created at the table level. _________________________ ANS: F, column PTS: 1 REF: 94 6. Any type of constraint for a single column can be created at the column level. _________________________ ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 94 7. If a data value violates a(n) constraint, the entire row is prevented from being added to the table. _________________________ ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 95 8. If a(n) FOREIGN KEY constraint has been created for a table, it means the data values in that column must be unique and cannot contain NULL values. _________________________ ANS: F PRIMARY PRIMARY KEY PTS: 1 REF: 95 9. The ADD clause of the ALTER TABLE command is used to add a PRIMARY KEY constraint to an existing table. _________________________ ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 95 10. A(n) FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to ensure that referential integrity exists between tables. _________________________ ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 98-99 11. When a FOREIGN KEY constraint is being created, the REFERENTIAL keyword is used to indicate the table being referenced. _________________________ ANS: F, REFERENCES PTS: 1 REF: 99 12. The FOREIGN KEY constraint is usually placed on the one side of a one-to-many relationship. _________________________ ANS: F, many PTS: 1 REF: 92 | 99 | 116 13. If the ON DELETE CASCADE keywords areShow MoreRelatedChapter 04 Homework Questions5593 Words   |  23 PagesName: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A Chapter 04 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ____ 1. Section 351 (which permits transfers to controlled corporations to be tax deferred) can be justified under the wherewithal to pay concept. ____ 2. Similar to like-kind exchanges, the receipt of â€Å"boot† under  § 351 can cause loss to be recognized. ____ 3. Tina incorporates her sole proprietorship with assets having aRead MoreCase 4-04683 Words   |  3 PagesTrueBlood Case 04-4 - Inventory The FASB Codification provides guidance on how developing animals and animals available and held for sale are to be valued. Section 905-330-35-2 states that developing animals are to be valued at the lower of cost or market. Section 05-330-32-3 states that animals available and held for sale are to be valued: a. The lower of cost or market †¨ b. At sales price less estimated costs of disposal, if all the following conditions exist: †¨ 1. The productRead MoreCase 04-7: Lighthouse773 Words   |  4 PagesCase 04-7: Lighthouse I. Summary The Lighthouse Company is dedicated to offer services to marine or shipping companies. Their services are based on the tracking and location of the boats of their clients. In order to offer the service, Lighthouse must install an equipment of tracking boats which will have a cost of sale of $10.000,00 dollars, no reimbursable and a tracking system with a monthly cost of sale of $300,00 dollars. This way their clients will continuously receive the data on theRead MoreTest 04 05 061644 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Test 04 Question 1 5 out of 5 points If the subcontractor to whom a struck company has contracted work is unionized, its employees legally can refuse to perform the work. Such refusals are allowed under the Selected Answer: ally doctrine. Question 2 5 out of 5 points Which strike occurs when one union strikes to support another union s strike? Selected Answer: Sympathy Question 3 5 out of 5 points All of the following observations are true of fact-finding except Read MoreChapter 04: the Procurement Process Exercise 04-02: Review Procurement Master Data3738 Words   |  15 PagesChapter 04: Procurement Process Exercise 04-02: Basic Procurement Process Multi Company Code Rev: 01/17/2011 Introduction General Notes and Information It is strongly recommended that you read through the entire exercise prior to starting. Not all instructions can be provided in a linear manner. The following symbols are used to indicate important information, as described below: An arrow highlights an important instruction that must not be overlooked. A pencil prompts you to writeRead MoreCase 04-7 Lighthouse3548 Words   |  15 PagesI. Succint Lighthouse provides a ship tracking service for shipping companies to locate their ships at sea, as well as knowing their speed and the weather they are facing. Lighthouse does a contract for the delivery and installation of the physical device that is capable of achieving this through a tracking service that calls for a second contract. The price for the dedicated hardware (exclusive to Lighthouse services) and installation is a single nonrefundable amount of $10,000 payable at completionRead More03 06 04 Essay892 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Lesson 06: Prepping Your Sources Annotated Bibliography Note-Taking Guide Fill in the notes for the amendment and for each of the three categories (multi-media, contemporary cases, advocacy documents). If you need support for the citation, consult the MLA Formatting Guide you printed from the lesson. Amendment for your topic (from the Bill of Rights) Citation: http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/fourth_amendment What information from this source seems the most important? Note key points mentionedRead MoreCmi Level 5 Unit 043137 Words   |  13 PagesLeadership and Management Development Programme Assessment Module 02 Michael Harman Curriculum Leader (Engineering and Motor Vehicle YCC) Performance Management Assignment (Unit 5003) Michael Harman Contents Introduction 3 Identifying and agreeing Performance Objectives 4 - 5 Assessing performance and provide feedback 6 Understanding Performance improvement 7 - 10 Applying Discipline and Grievance Procedures 11 - 12 Summary 13 Reference 14 Read More2007 04 06 163146 Chapter 7 1 956 Words   |  4 PagesHint: Use tables in text.) Description Debit Credit Note Receivable 1,101,460 Land 590,000 Discount on Note Receivable 401,460 Gain on Sale 110,000 Note Receivable1,987.07 Service Revenue Discount on Note Receivable 7/1/04 Notes Receivable $400,000.00 Discount on Notes Receivable $178,836.32 Service Revenue $221,163.68 To calculate the Discount on Notes Receivable: PV of $400,000 due in 8 years at 12% = $400,000*0.40388 = $161,552 PV of $12,000 payable annuallyRead Moreemazariegos case study 04 030115 Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Module 08 Case Study: Urinary System and Electrolyte/Acid-Base/pH Balance Each question is worth 1 point, unless otherwise noted. I Got To Micturate: Part I—Mini Case Studies Questions Case 1: Frank Johnson 1. How does the urinary system relate to sexual function in males? How does the prostate relate to the bladder infections in males? The reproductive system in the male is closely intertwined with the urinary system, both functionally and anatomically. The male reproductive system is so

The Debated Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology Essay

â€Å"[...] any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use.† This statement is often used to describe the fundamental aim of biotechnology around the world. Karl Ereky, one of the foremost proponents of the term biotechnology foresaw that â€Å"merging biology and technology could be used to transform living substances into products that are more useful than in their natural state,† thus benefiting society by meeting human needs or demands to improve our quality life. Although the use of living systems to make a product has an established history, the modern definition of biotechnology is usually associated with recombinant DNA†¦show more content†¦Currently thousands of patients have received gene therapy, while many clinical trials are ongoing. Gene therapy is the direct transfer of genes into humans to treat a disease, constituting one of the mos t recent applications of recombinant DNA technique. Rather than altering the disease by using chemical agents, gene therapy can theoretically modify the targeted gene and resulting the disease to be cured. Different methods to transfer genes into human cells are currently under development. One of the methods of gene therapy is to remove cells such as white blood cells in the body of a patient, add a virus containing recombinant genes and then reintroduce the cells back into the patients body. As much as life has evolved, the relationship between animals and humans has remained almost identical to each other. Dideoxynucleotide sequencing commonly called Sanger sequencing illustrates the way in which DNA sequencing has revolutionized molecular biology. In order to perform the sequencing, the first step it to convert double stranded DNA into single stranded DNA by applying a technique called annealing where the samples are heated to temperatures above 90 °C, then the temperature is lowered, allowing the strands to separate and primers to join together. A Sanger reaction consists in a single stranded DNA, DNA polymerase, DNA primers and a mixture of ddNTP along with dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP.Show MoreRelatedGenetically Altering Our Future Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be performed. One of the most controversial and debated forms of research is work done regarding the modification and alteration of the mammalian—specifically human—genome. Tremendous advanc ements in understanding the human genome trace back to Gregor Mendel’s cross breeding of pea plants, and have delved even deeper with the Human Genome project. While the research into recombinant DNA, introducing gene sequencing into originally created DNA strands in orders that would not occur naturally, hasRead MoreThe Ethics Of Medical And Biological Fields3307 Words   |  14 Pages In this current day and age, science and technology are moving forward at a rapid pace. This can lead to great strides and benefits in the medical and biological fields but also gives rise to ethical and moral questioning. Scientist worry that their research will be stifled by new laws and restrictions, while society fears that these researchers will take advantage of them if not regulated properly. This is clearly seen in the debate over stem cell research and synthetic biology, like geneticallyRead MoreEssay on transgenic animals1808 Words   |  8 Pagesregarding the ever-broadening te chnology of creating Transgenic Animals and their theorised suffering sparking a social, ethical and economic debate over cost factors of the research and development versus ultimate benefit to science aiding the benefit of our Society. Though one could persuasively argue for the benefits or risks of this process, this essay will demonstrate the future and present benefits and risks (ethical, social and economic) of this gene technology and evaluate how these advantagesRead MoreGenetic Engineering1896 Words   |  8 Pagesmedicine. To others, this new technology borders on the realm of immorality, and is an omen of the danger to come, and are firmly convinced that this human intervention into nature is unethical, and will bring about the destruction of mankind (Lanza). Although humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through artificial selection and other non-scientific means, the field of genetic engineering as we now know it did not begin until 1944 when DNA was first identified as the carrierRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods : Boon Or Bane?2145 Words   |  9 PagesProfessor Erika K Hendra English 110-1E 16 May 2016 Genetically modified foods: boon or bane? Genetically modified foods! What are they? They also known as genetically modified organisms, or GMO. A method called recombinant DNA technology is used to transfer genetic information from one organism to another, producing plants, animals, or even vaccines. The organisms that are created from this process are referred to as genetically modified organisms. Scientists pose geneticallyRead MoreGenetically Modified Organism Or Gmo1924 Words   |  8 Pagesmentioned in the media. For years its usage and dangers have been hotly debated within the science community and the general public. It seems that a good portion of the nation’s population are afraid of GMOs, and unfortunately many people that are anti- GMO are very under informed in what or how GMO is created. According to World Health Organization (WHO), genetically modified organisms are animals, plants, or prokaryotes in which their DNA is altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating or naturalRead MoreLas 432 Research Paper: Gmos20901 Words   |  84 PagesModified Organisms and the technology involved with it. Genetically Modified Organisms and its technology, although highly debated and a topic of discussion in recent years, has been around for decades. Within this report it details the history, and processes of this technology. A process that was once done naturally through nature and deliberate actions of farmers is now being taken to new levels with scientists in a controlled scientific environment. This innovative technology is not without its legalRead MoreBCH190 Essay14810 Words   |  60 Pageslectures 3, 4, and including Chapter 2 1. Difference occurs in the sequence of long chain molecules and becomes information in biological organisms. ‘Life’ assembles itself into chains: (A) of RNA (B) all of the answers are correct (C) of DNA (D) of protein (E) none of these answers are correct 2. Which of the following foods is not a significant source of complex carbohydrates? (A) fresh fruit (B) rice (C) pasta (D) oatmeal (E) all of the above are significant sourcesRead More Genetically Modified Organisms: The European Union vs. The United States4988 Words   |  20 Pagesmethods of farming while protecting the species from insects, environmental changes, and mutations. The output coupled with the benefits of environmental protection yield better products at a cheaper price for consumers. Adam Smith would favor the technologies of genetic modification because the fertility of the land increases, as well as its abundance. This growth results in more agricultural products on the market that require less land for cultivation, and no increase in labor. The consumer is thenRead MoreSirtris Pharmaceuticals: Living Healthier, Longer9149 Words   |  37 Pagessuch as diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer’s. The company’s research into disease, however, only partly explained its appearance on the covers of Scientific American, Fortune, and the Wall Street Journal. According to their suggestive headl ines – â€Å"Can DNA Stop Time: Unlocking the Secrets of Longevity Genes† (Scientific American), â€Å"Drink wine and live longer: The exclusive story of the biotech startup searching for anti-aging miracle drugs† (Fortune) and â€Å"Youthful Pursuit: Researchers seek key to Antiaging

The Rabbi, The Muslim, And Me free essay sample

The Rabbi, the Muslim, and Me by Brian G., New City, NY Jews rock! In my upper-middle-class town of New City, its not uncommon to see a Jew or two. In fact, theyre all around. No, Im not talking about the Hasidim who roam the streets on Shabbat wearing their designer black overcoats, but rather your average reform Jewish person who is supposed to be liberal enough to accept all walks of life. Being one of these people, I am expected to love every person and idea equally, but that is not the case. It is not that I dislike anyone; I am immensely proud of being Jewish. About a year ago, my Hebrew school visited a Catholic church to meet a man by the name of Father Gus. I pictured the event in my head: we would knock on a large wooden door and out would come a bald man weighing 270 pounds and wearing a robe with no shoes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rabbi, The Muslim, And Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Instead, at the church, I saw a slim man wearing jeans and a t-shirt. Jeans and a t-shirt? And where was the chanting in the background? Am I in the Twilight Zone? I then learned that Catholicism and Judaism have basically the same principles. Sure, we do disagree about the Messiah thing. Also, unlike Jews, Catholics have a ranking of priests where the Pope is considered closest to God. My Hebrew school recently had other visitors: Muslims. I thought, Everybody run for cover. Theyre going to bomb us! Not quite. We shared pizza and conversed about our religion and social lives. Like us, Muslims are not allowed to eat pork (even though Jews like me who are not kosher seem to ignore that rule). While Jewish people follow Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as the first three prophets, the Muslims follow Abraham, Isaac and his brother Ishmael, Jacob and his brother Lot, and the rest of the family all the way to Muhammad. Muslims also have a book called the Quran, which is almost identical to the teachings of our Torah (only the Quran is larger). However, one thought still bothered me: What about Farakkan and his Nation of Islam? I found out that not only does Farakkans Nation of Islam not agree with the real Islam (which preaches love and peace), but Muslims have the same anger as Jews toward Farakkans issues. Jews rock! But actually, I guess Catholics and Muslims and everyone else rock too. The world may not be safer after these meetings, but at least one mind has been enlightened. Oy gevalt!

The WALK free essay sample

â€Å"In order to fully enjoy life, one must question everything.† That is the motto I live by. Where did the world come from? Do we dream a reality, or do we wake up in a dream? I consider myself a philosopher so to speak. My way of thinking has no boundaries, and that’s going to help me excel through your college. My thoughts about everything in the world have changed throughout my life because of a traumatic experience. Not being able to walk for three months was very hard for me, and not knowing what the cause of it all was stressful as well. That experience has influenced me to major in Criminal Justice. Joining the FBI is one thing I want to accomplish. I loved playing sports when I was young. Being active was one of my favorite things to do. It all came to an abrupt end when my legs gave out on me as I played soccer. We will write a custom essay sample on The WALK or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the game, I had a feeling that I was flying, and then I landed on the floor. I was laughed at because everyone had thought I tripped. I laughed with them, until I realized I lost feeling in my legs and I couldn’t get up. I was rushed to the hospital. The ride there was scary to me, I was given oxygen, and the paramedics were telling me â€Å"you’re going to be okay.† Not being able to walk is not okay, I thought to myself. At the emergency room tests were done and when the doctor walked into my room, his face was expressionless. Either doctors always looked serious or I was about to hear some bad news. The doctor spoke in monotone, â€Å"We don’t know the cause of your inability to walk,† he hesitated, â€Å"so we need more time to get an accurate diagnosis.† â€Å"How long is it going to take?† I asked. â€Å"About five days.† Who knew those five days would end up being three months. It was a point in my life where I deemed myself useless. During that time I was miserable and I didn’t want to be seen. It wrecked my mentality. Three months later my parents received a call. The doctors had found the source of the problem. My joint wasn’t attached to my hip bone. Surgery was needed, and I was going to have screws put in so my bones would be able to grow with the hip joint. I was in complete bliss after my rehabilitation because I began walking normally. I will never take walking for granted. I look at that experience now as the start of my philosophical journey, or future. Why did I have to go through this? I am thankful it happened to me because even though it was traumatic to me, it helped me become the sane person I am today. I have an interest to major in Criminal Justice. This career can make up the years I lost not being able to join sports. I want to feel that adrenaline rush I had felt when I was young, before my incident. FBI agents get that every day they work. I researched the career and I figured it was something I plan on doing my whole life. I look forward to joining the FBI. Being an agent means going through gory and mysterious cases, and traveling around the world to train. I want to visit Valencia, Spain, which is where my ancestors are from. The scenery is beautiful, and If I get the chance to visit, I would feel like nothing mattered. Not being able to walk for three months was very hard for me, and having to wait for the diagnosis was difficult as well. That experience has influenced me to major in Criminal Justice. Joining the FBI is one thing I want to accomplish. Now, I see myself differently. I am someone that can make a difference not only for myself but my family and close friends. I learned that you don’t need anything to hold you back to what you want to succeed in. The negativity that surrounds me instantly turns into the force that drives me to show people that I can be the best at anything I put myself to.

Free Essays on High School

My High School Experience High school, what a long strange trip it's been. Grades, boys, stress, homework, friends, fashion, English papers, PSAT’s, math formulas, dissections, the elements of high school that can make a girl go completely insane! Sometimes, I just feel like life’s a roller coaster and I am not strapped in, a little extreme to say, but very true. I’m sure it wasn’t always that way, but when high school comes around, and we’re all just supposed to immediately assume responsibility and mature, the stress we students endure goes way up. Some of those lucky people in this world, accepted the transition into â€Å"adulthood†, let’s say, quite easily and others, myself for example, struggled. Yes, it was a constant struggle to shed those years of fooling around and grow and hard shell of reality, but it is something we all must do in order to succeed. Realizing this now doesn’t really change my many passed mistakes, but it will change my futur e. My trip started with volleyball, and I guess it all just went downhill from there. At the end of my summer vacation, going into ninth grade I decided to try out for Varsity Volleyball. During the summer, I had a huge ego, and thought my volleyball skills were next to godly. Sadly enough, the coaches did not recognize my obvious talent for the game, so I was demoted to a starter position on the Junior Varity (cough cough loser ahem cough) team. Being the pompous jerk that I was, I felt that my position on JV was unacceptable. I considered myself to be irreplaceable, and took JV for granted. I mouthed off to the coaches, skipped practices, ignored the other players, and did whatever I pleased thinking nothing of the consequences. By the second game, my coaches took notice of my direct negativity and disrespect. As a punishment, they didn’t start me the third game; in fact I was benched for almost the whole time. Of course, at that time in my life I was very immature... Free Essays on High School Free Essays on High School My High School Experience High school, what a long strange trip it's been. Grades, boys, stress, homework, friends, fashion, English papers, PSAT’s, math formulas, dissections, the elements of high school that can make a girl go completely insane! Sometimes, I just feel like life’s a roller coaster and I am not strapped in, a little extreme to say, but very true. I’m sure it wasn’t always that way, but when high school comes around, and we’re all just supposed to immediately assume responsibility and mature, the stress we students endure goes way up. Some of those lucky people in this world, accepted the transition into â€Å"adulthood†, let’s say, quite easily and others, myself for example, struggled. Yes, it was a constant struggle to shed those years of fooling around and grow and hard shell of reality, but it is something we all must do in order to succeed. Realizing this now doesn’t really change my many passed mistakes, but it will change my futur e. My trip started with volleyball, and I guess it all just went downhill from there. At the end of my summer vacation, going into ninth grade I decided to try out for Varsity Volleyball. During the summer, I had a huge ego, and thought my volleyball skills were next to godly. Sadly enough, the coaches did not recognize my obvious talent for the game, so I was demoted to a starter position on the Junior Varity (cough cough loser ahem cough) team. Being the pompous jerk that I was, I felt that my position on JV was unacceptable. I considered myself to be irreplaceable, and took JV for granted. I mouthed off to the coaches, skipped practices, ignored the other players, and did whatever I pleased thinking nothing of the consequences. By the second game, my coaches took notice of my direct negativity and disrespect. As a punishment, they didn’t start me the third game; in fact I was benched for almost the whole time. Of course, at that time in my life I was very immature...

Radishes and Radicals

Radishes and Radicals Radishes and Radicals Radishes and Radicals By Maeve Maddox Both words, radish and radical, derive from the Latin word for root (radix). The vegetable we call a radish is an edible root. Radical, functioning as both noun and adjective, is used with multiple meanings, depending upon context. Its earliest use in the context of politics and political thought and action dates from the late eighteenth century: That the omnipotence of the state is not lodged, by the constitution, with the people, but with the whole legislative body in parliament assembled, was a radical doctrine of this obnoxious ministry.- OED citation dated 1783 â€Å"A radical doctrine† is one that would strike at the root of an established political or social norm. A radical is â€Å"a person who advocates radical or far-reaching political or social reform.† The earliest OED citations for the noun radical are dated 1822: Love is a great leveller; a perfect Radical. General Scott said Archer was a Radical and inclined to be Jacobinical. Note: As a political term, Jacobin derives from a French political club established in 1789 with the purpose of propagating the principles of extreme democracy and absolute equality. By 1800, the word Jacobin was used to refer to any political reformer. Every society is rooted in specific institutions and conventions. At the time that radical acquired its political meanings, European society was rooted in the model of a landed elite supported by a disenfranchised working class. In the early nineteenth century, efforts to accomplish the following were seen as radical ideas in Britain and the United States: end the employment of children in factories and mines extend the vote to all men extend the vote to women end imprisonment for debt end the slave trade grant full civil rights to Catholics and Jews provide elementary schools for the children of the working classes provide humane treatment for the mentally ill The verb radicalize in the sense of â€Å"to make radical, especially politically; to imbue with radical principles† appears early in the nineteenth century (1825). The earliest citation for the noun radicalization- â€Å"the action or process of making or becoming radical, especially in political outlook†- is 1867. Among the OED citations for radicalize and the noun radicalization are references to soldiers who were radicalized by witnessing the horrors of war and to â€Å"radicalized students of the late 1960s.† These political terms have been used to describe different degrees of radicalism, as indicated in this definition of the adjective radical in the OED: radical adjective: Advocating thorough or far-reaching political or social reform; representing or supporting an extreme section of a party; specifically (also with capital initial)   (a) British belonging to, supporting, or associated with the extreme wing of the Liberal Party which called for a reform of the social and parliamentary system in the late 18th and early 19th century.  (b) U.S. belonging to a faction of the Republican Party seeking extreme action against the South during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Now more generally: revolutionary, especially, left-wing. Although in the past, radical belief was sometimes accompanied with violent behavior- e.g., John Brown, Carrie Nation, the French Revolution- it was more often contained and acted on within a framework of constitutional or parliamentary changes. A â€Å"radical† could be any person who regarded some aspect of society as unfair or undesirable and believed that the way to change it was to overturn or uproot existing norms. In that sense, suffragettes and abolitionists were radicals. Nowadays, radical, radicalize, and radicalization have come to carry connotations of a type of extremism closely association with violence. This is how The US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines radicalization and radical: radicalization At its root, radicalization takes the basic tenets of a faith or a political movement and carries them to extremes, extremes that often are drastic enough to adopt violence to intimidate others into accepting those extremes or to punish those who will not accept the extremes, and that process carries across lines of nationality or religion, from Mohammad Atta to Timothy McVeigh. radical The FBIdefines radical individuals as persons who encourage, endorse, condone, justify, or support the commission of a violent act or other crimes against the U.S. government, its citizens, or its allies for political, social, or economic ends. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and ExpressionsSocial vs. SocietalWhen to Spell Out Numbers

Cloud Computing Security Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cloud Computing Security Policy - Essay Example The private network shall be hosted off the premises of SNPO-MC but will be managed by both the cloud vendor and IT staff from SNPO-MC. The shall effect cloud bursting between the public and private cloud. Cloud computing services comprise of an infrastructure, resources and applications that SNPO-MC can access over the Internet. Large companies like Microsoft, Google, Amazon provide these resources so that they can be readily and cheaply available to people. Most of the cloud services provide support for communication, data storage, data analysis, data processing, project management, and scheduling. Cloud services will be very easy for the staff and executives of SNPO-MC to use since they are readily accessible to workstations, tablets, smartphones and laptops via the Internet. Despite the numerous advantages of the cloud, security is a primary concern especially on the public cloud where unauthorized access of organizations data can compromise the operations of an organization and bring a lot of losses. SNPO-MC should verify before entering into an agreement with the cloud vendor that it complies with standards from Federal Information Processing (FIPS) and NIST Special Publications (SP). The standards include: A chief IT manager shall be appointed and will be responsible for all cloud service negotiations with cloud vendors. The IT manager will overview the implementation of all security policies that involve both the general staff and the executive. The IT manager in consultancy with the company lawyer will monitor compliance with SNPO-MC cloud policies with the required government standards. No individual department or manager in SNPO-MC shall be allowed to procure cloud services for the daily operations of the organization. Data and information stored in the cloud databases are owned by the creator of the data. In this case SNPO-MC organization. The cloud provider shall not in any case alter,

My Role in Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Role in Leadership - Essay Example Few concepts are more crucial to the human organization than leadership. Efficient leadership helps organizations in times of peril, making the set up more successful and receptive to change. Doing things effectively while influencing others enables the fulfilling of the set down objectives. It is essentially the backbone of productivity. The absence of efficiency in leadership proves to have dramatic effects. Because of good leadership skills, it is not easy to lose track of what is important. Much of the challenges that are associated with leadership success lies with decision making and implies that complete and accurate decision making ensures prosperity. What are you going to do next? What issues, questions, and dilemmas are you going to explore further? Why and how? How will this influence who you are and how you relate to others? It will be important to influence the thoughts, attitudes, behavior and inspire others as a good leader. As a leader, I will set directions for my peers and help them focus on what lies ahead. Through this forecasting, a good visualization of what is achievable will be evident. Without this visualization of the benefits associated with the good leadership, it is likely that our way of organizing things will easily degenerate into conflict and argument. An effective execution of leadership will ensure that my personal perception by others is greatly influenced by the enormous benefits of respect.   This is a good way of staying relevant to my peers as encourage and instill positive values in them.

Globalization Process Essay Example for Free

Globalization Process Essay Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.[1][2] Globalization describes the interplay across cultures of macro-social forces. These forces include religion, politics, and economics. Your shirt was made in Mexico and your shoes in China. Your CD player comes from Japan. You can travel to Moscow and eat a Big Mac there and you can watch an American film in Rome. Today goods are made and sold all over the world, thanks to globalization. Globalization lets countries move closer to each other. People, companies and organizations in different countries can live and work together. We can exchange goods , money and ideas faster and cheaper than ever before. Modern communication and technology, like the Internet, cell phones or satellite TV help us in our daily lives. Globalization is growing quickly. A German company can produce cars in Argentina and then sell them in the United States. A businessman in Great Britain can buy a part of a company in Indonesia on one day and sell parts of another business in China the next, thanks to globalization. Fast food companies open shops around the world almost every day. Advantages * Globalization lets countries do what they can do best. If, for example, you buy cheap steel from another country you don’t have to make your own steel. You can focus on computers or other things. * Globalization gives you a larger market. You can sell more goods and make more money. You cancreate more jobs. * Consumers also profit from globalization. Products become cheaper and you can get new goods more quickly. Disadvantages * Globalization causes unemployment in industrialized countries because firms move their factories to places where they can get cheaper workers. * Globalization may lead to more environmental problems. A company may want to build factories in other countries because environmental laws are not as strict as they are at home. Poor countries in the Third World may have to cut down more trees so that they can sell wood to richer countries. * Globalization can lead to financial problems. In the 1970s and 80s countries like Mexico, Thailand, Indonesia or Brazil got a lot of money from investors who hoped they could build up new businesses there. These new companies often didn’t work, so they had to close down and investors pulled out their money. * Some of the poorest countries in the world, especially in Africa, may get even poorer. Their population is not as educated as in developed countries and they don’t have the new technology that we do. * Human, animal and plant diseas es can spread more quickly through globalization.

Dropping the Atomic Bombs :: Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On August 6, 1945 a 9,000-pound bomb was loaded on the Enola Gay. At exactly 8:15:30 in the morning the massive bomb was dropped over Hiroshima. The after math left 71,000 people dead and 68,000 injured. A second bomb was dropped three days later. Nagasaki was the target this time, killing 36,000 people and injuring another 40,000. The question is why the two bombs were dropped?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese government was expected to put up a fight until the very end. Which they did and that is why President Harry S. Truman wanted a quick end to the war. With a threat from the Red Army, also known as the Soviets’, to enter the war between the US and Japan it gave him all the more reason to drop these devastating bombs. Greek Mythology By Scott Martin Could you imagine yourself as being the most powerful person on the face of the earth? With an ability to summon the dead or wail lightning bolts at the snap of your fingers. Well this is how it was back during the time of Greek Mythology. I’m going to tell you about the most powerful of all the god’s and his two brothers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zeus and his brothers drew lost of their share of the universe. Zeus came out as the supreme ruler. He was Lord of the Sky, the Rain-god, and the Cloud-gather, who welded the awful thunderbolt. However, he did not always know everything and most certainly did not see everything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He is represented as falling in love with one woman after another. Using all kinds of tricks to hide the woman of lust from his wife. His breastplate was the aegis, a beauty to behold. His bird was the eagle and the mighty oak was his tree.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poseidon was the ruler of the seas, Zeus’ brother and second only to him in eminence. His wife, Amphitrite was the granddaughter to the Titan Ocean. It is told that when he drove in his golden car over the waters, the thunder of the waves sank into a stillness and tranquil peace. Commonly called the â€Å"Earth-shaker† he was always seen carrying his trident, a three-pronged spear that would shake and shatter whatever he pleased.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third brother among the Olympians, who drew his share the underworld and rule over the dead is Hades. Hades is also called Pluto, the God of Wealth. Both Roman’s and Greek’s call him by that name, but they often translate it to Dis, which is Latin for rich.

Swot Analysis of Netflix

SWOT analysis for Netflix: Strengths: 1. Proprietary technology. Netflix has proprietary technology system to stream TV shows and movies and also including processing delivery and return DVDs. This specific system makes the business in Netflix more efficiency. 2. Goodwill and brand value. Netflix is a company with reputation. It has 15 years experiences and has a good deal of loyal consumers. 3. Competitive price. The service is in expensive in Netflix. It just cost 8 dollar per month and subscribers can enjoy unlimited viewing. 4. Simple service process.The service process in Netflix is simple. There are no commercials, no commitments, no contracts which can save consumer’s time and make the service more efficiency. 5. Open-minded managers. They continuously receive feedback from their consumers to change their strategy which makes the company more profitable and prevent many risks. 6. Good user experience. With just a little bit of timing, customers can have movies coming an d going so as to almost always have a movie ready to watch. Which generating loyal and enthusiastic customers. Weakness: 1.Third-party logistics or third-party device. Netflix have to rely on third-party logistics or third-party device, which mean if consumers lose confident with US mail system or some devices company, it will have bad effect on the reputation of Netflix. 2. Laws and government regulations. As an industry rely on internet, Netflix has to keep continual attention to laws and government regulations and make a quick reaction if something changed. 3. Pricing power. It has to accept the rates and delivery schedules set by the U. S. postal service, as well as the rates set by streaming providers. . Weak of internet system. As the main service of Netflix is completed on internet, there has the chance that the system to be attacked by hacker and it will bring tremendous negative effect on Netflix. 5. Debts. Netflix have issued $400 million in debt offerings and may incur ad ditional debt in the future, which may adversely affect their financial condition and future financial results. 6. Content distribution. These are not exclusive, which allowing competitors access to the same movies and television shows, leaving the way open for competition. Opportunities 1.Branding value. Netflix can become the first thing people think of for watching movies at home, just like â€Å"Google† is the first thing many think of for searching. There's been at least one instance of using the word â€Å"Netflix† as a verb, so this could be the beginning. 2. Technology changing. As the technology changing fast, Netflix can use continuously strategy changing to take the first mover advantage. 3. The big and increasing market. There have over 30 million members in over 50 countries enjoying over a billion hours of TV show and movies from Netflix every month.As the market is still increasing, there has a big opportunity for Netflix. 4. International expanding. As Netflix will expanding its domain outside United States, it will face many opportunities and challenges. 5. Distribution. As more subscribers come aboard, the value of Netflix as a distributor of content for studios goes up, leading to more pricing power for Netflix and less for the content producers. Threats 1. Competitors. That existing or new competitor  in the same domain, for example Google,YouTube and Amazon is the next most serious threat after Hulu. 2. Free ad-supported TV shows and movies. If large market segment bring for this kind of free TV shows and movies, the rate of growth in Netflix could be decline. 3. The liability for negligence, copyright or patent. Face the potential liability for content uploaded from their users. Netflix have the possible to be litigation if their consumers upload some videos illegal, which will cost Netflix a lot and will have negative results of their operation work. 4. The Copyright law change. If U.S. Copyright law were altered to amend or eliminate the First Sale Doctrine or if studios were to release or distribute titles on DVD in a manner that attempts to circumvent or limit the effects of the First Sale Doctrine, their business could be adversely affected. 5. Increasingly cost of their acquisition of DVD content and the logistic company. They are unable to negotiate with the studios because of consumers have lists and they have to buy the movies on the list. As labors cost more and more expensive the delivery DVDs cost is increasing. Risk 1.If Netflix efforts to attract and retain subscribers are not successful, their business will be adversely affected. 2. If Netflix unable to successfully or profitably compete with current and new competitors, programs and technologies, their business will be adversely affected, and they may not be able to increase or maintain market share, revenues or profitability. 3. If Netflix are unable to continue to recover from the negative consumer reaction to their price change and other announcements made during the third quarter of 2011, their business will be adversely affected. . If Netflix cannot foresee the consumer viewing habits exactly maybe it will make some wrong strategy and have adversely affected. 5. Many of their systems and operational practices were implemented when Netflix at a smaller scale of operations and they are undertaking efforts to migrate the vast majority of their systems to cloud-based processors. If they are not able to manage the growing complexity of their business, including improving, refining or revising our systems and operational practices, their business may be adversely affected. . The big portion of goodwill in its total asset is also a risk. If they cannot provide good service and make consumers satisfied, it will suffer a very bad influence for its profit. If they are unable to protect their domain names, their reputation and brand could be adversely affected. 7. Delayed availability of new release DVDs for rental co uld adversely affect Netflix’s business. In January 2012, Warner Home Entertainment announced it was increasing the period of delay to fifty-six days.If other studios were to increase the period of delay and /or if their subscriber satisfaction is negatively impacted by this increase in the Warner delay, their business could be adversely impacted. 8. Proprietary technology to stream TV shows and movies and to manage other aspects of their operations, including processing delivery and return of their DVDs to their subscribers, and the failure of this technology to operate effectively could adversely affect their business. . In the event of an earthquake or other natural or man-made disaster, Netflix’s operations could be adversely affected. They may not be able to effectively shift their fulfillment and delivery operations to handle disruptions in service arising from these events. 10. They could be subject to economic, political, regulatory and other risks arising from their international operations. 11. They may lose key employees or may be unable to hire qualified employees.

Elisa Allen: A Mystified Identity Essay

John Steinbeck’s short story â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† is centered on the protagonist named Elisa Allen. The vivid portrayal of her character in different parts of the story makes the reader wonder who she really is. Steinbeck started by portraying her as a strong and knowledgeable gardener, with a sense of masculinity, following which she is portrayed as someone who yearns for sexual attention in her sensual encounter with the tinker, and concluded with her being described as a beautiful, feminine lady, and then back to her masculine self all within a span of a few hours. The evolution in the expressions, emotions, and the portrayal of Elisa Allen is an important element of Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chyrsanthemums. † Firstly, Elisa Allen is described and presented in a very masculine manner. The words â€Å"strong†, â€Å"a man’s black hat† and â€Å"heavy leather gloves† showcase the masculinity. Additionally, her features described as, â€Å"her face was eager and mature and handsome†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦over-powerful. † lend substance to her masculinity. Interestingly, this description of Elisa is in stark contrast to the societal perception of females in that era who are meant to be more feminine. The fact that she is she is thirty five years old and has no children also de-emphasizes her femininity. However, this presentation of masculinity augurs well with her acuity for business which is demonstrated in her interest in knowing more about the conversation of her husband, Henry Allen with the men in business suits. Also, her negotiation skills with the tinker showcase the business acuity of Elisa that has gone unnoticed by Henry. The societal norms have dictated that she carry out her role as a gardener with penchant. As a result, Elisa devotes all of her energy to maintaining her house and garden. Although she rightly brags about her green thumb, Elisa’s connection to nature seems rather coerced and not something that comes as naturally as she claims. She knows a great deal about plants, most likely because as a woman, gardening is the only thing she has to think about. This constant tussle between her femininity and her masculinity lend an interesting insight into Elisa’s character. Next, Elisa is been demonstrated as a woman who lives an unsatisfying, under stimulated and frustrated life who looks to the tinker for a stimulating conversation and even sex. Her physical attraction to the tinker and her flirtatious, witty conversation with him bring out the poet in Elisa. The phrases, â€Å"she shakes out her dark pretty hair and with her eyes shining, she admits the stranger into her yard. She strips off her protective gloves†, â€Å"she looks deep into his eyes, searchingly† and â€Å"She was kneeling on the ground looking up at him. Her breast swelled passionately. † describe the sensual encounter of Elisa with the tinker. During this encounter, there is also evidence of how unsatisfied Elisa is with her life when she says the following, â€Å"I’ve never lived as you do, but I know what you mean. When the night is dark—why, the stars are sharp-pointed, and there’s quiet. Why, you rise up and up! Every pointed star gets driven into your body. It’s like that. Hot and sharp and—lovely. † This statement also showcases the poet in Elisa. Besides the poetic conversation, it symbolizes the level of incompleteness in her life. It seemed that she got carried away in the heat of the moment, and realized at a later point and felt ashamed of what she did and had been saying. After the sensual encounter with the tinker, the femininity is showcased of Elisa is showcased at its fullest by the narrator. Firstly, when she tries to dress up and present herself as a beautiful lady. This is seen in the following narration of the scenario, â€Å"After a while she began to dress, slowly. She put on her newest underclothing and her nicest stockings and the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness. She worked carefully on her hair, penciled her eyebrows and rouged her lips. † Following the dressing up, and showing up in front of Henry, the conversation that the couple have is nothing less than hilarious. Evidently, Henry is not used to seeing Elisa dress up and presents her in the feminine manner that she did. The banter that takes place between Henry and Elisa, especially when describing her as â€Å"strong and happy† and â€Å"You look strong enough to break a calf over your knee, happy enough to eat it like a watermelon† was amusing. This conversation clearly showed that Henry did not know how to react to Elisa’s femininity, supporting the fact that Elisa could have been unsatisfied with her current relationship with Henry, and hence seeking an escape in her encounter with the tinker who seemed to be more receptive and appreciative to her. However, the conversation that took place while in the caravan negated the short burst of feminism in Elisa and was overpowered with a sense of masculinity by the topics of their conversation which included: â€Å"wine over dinner,† and â€Å"women going to fights. † This could be because of the realization that nothing has changed. She is still the same lady who was gardening a few hours ago. The tinker, despite showing interest and stimulating her, was only concerned in his profit, and was manipulative to say the least. Interestingly, in the final sentence of the story, the narrator describes Elisa as a â€Å"weak, old woman. † In conclusion, the narration has been so vivid that the reader could see the emotions and the constant tussle that Elisa faces as a woman and a wife. Her life as a woman has been confined to her duties as a gardener, with no affection and love been shown by her husband Henry. This incompleteness in her life leads her to seek solace in her encounter with the tinker where she sees a ray of hope to experience her feminine self. However, this feel-good experience is short-lived when she says her chrysanthemums that she gifted to the tinker lying on the road. This shattered her dreams of being a free woman, and brings her back to reality. The reality of course is that she is confined to her reserved, unfulfilling, monotonous life as a wife with no children. The pace at which she experienced the highs and lows of her life, in a span of a few hours is note-worthy and adds to the literary value of Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums. †

The most common fears and their reasons

The most common fears and their reasons Every day is a day of decision-making. From the smallest decision of what to wear, to more important decisions at work, and, on some occasions, some really big decisions, we try to weigh alternatives and make the best one. We decide on college majors; we buy cars and homes; we make huge decisions about career choices and relationships. But what happens when we cannot make decisions or we make poor choices because we are afraid. While the reasons for our fear may differ, one thing psychologists tell us is true. Fear can become so debilitating that we are just stuck we cant act at all. And that of itself is actually a decision a decision to do nothing. And those decisions to do nothing heavily affect our lives. Here are 4 of the most common fears and their impact. Fear of Failure You have been very comfortable in your job and you do it well. All of a sudden an opportunity comes up for quite a promotion, and your boss thinks you are the perfect candidate. You are flattered, but then the fear grips you. This new position means supervising lots of people; there are more responsibilities and new things to learn; you will be blamed if things go wrong. Now you have the weekend to make a decision, and you are thrown into anxiety and panic attacks. Monday morning comes, and you turn down the promotion, feeling a great sense of relief. Fear of failure can impact all aspects of our lives, and it keeps us from taking up new challenges that mean personal and professional growth. Fear of Criticism or Disapproval This fear is a direct result of low self-esteem, because it means that we fail to make decisions based upon our own desires and goals. We worry instead about what others may say or think. You are in college and studying pre-med. You come from a family of doctors, and it is just a given that this will be your career choice too. You have been groomed for this for years. But now, you really hate pre-med and you have begun a love affair with computer science, taking as many elective courses in the field as possible. You want to change your major but you know how your parents and relatives will react, and you do not want to disappoint them. So, you stick it out and ultimately enter a field for which you do not have real passion. You then lead a life of wondering if you might have been the next Bill Gates of Steve Jobs. Fear of Change/Risk We all have our comfort zones, and they are nice secure places. We really want to stay in them, but often life tries to push us out of those zones and into new unchartered territory. You have a comfortable job with an adequate income. You are truly talented in web design and have done an outstanding job creating the websites for some friends. A colleague approaches you and thinks that two of you could start your own web design business and make a killing. He already has several clients lined up and just needs you as the creative arm of the business. Suddenly you are faced with making a huge change a change that will really pull you out of your comfort zone. You have a mortgage and maybe a car payment. You might have to go into your savings for a while. You just cannot do it, and you have to tell your colleague no. Several years later, that colleague and his partner are highly successful, setting their own schedules and having fun in their work. You are still in your 9-5 comfort zon e, trying to tell yourself that you made the right choices while looking upon them with envy. Fear of Success Yes, thats right. This is a mindset that says, Once I reach the goals that I have told everyone about, what do I do next? Can I move to the next level without failing? Fear of success is really fear of failure, and what it does is keep us from achieving the current goals we have set. Its just so much easier to keep saying we are working on them and never actually get there. Others will admire us they will applaud our perseverance. And well gladly take all of that praise, and keep plugging along. And, we never have to make the next life decision where do we go next? Fear stunts our growth. Whether it is the fear of moving into a new relationships, the fear of a new job, the fear of taking risks to follow our dreams, or the fear of dis-pleasing others, we end up living, as Thoreau used to call them, lives of quiet desperation, always wondering what could have been had we not be afraid. So, if you have fears that are holding you back, identify them and face them head on. Then get some help with them. Overcoming fear is a process, but it can be done.

The History of Elevators From Top to Bottom

The History of Elevators From Top to Bottom By definition, an elevator is a platform or an enclosure raised and lowered in a vertical shaft to transport people and freight. The shaft contains the operating equipment, motor, cables, and accessories. Primitive elevators were in use as early as the third century B.C.E. and were  operated by human, animal, or water wheel power. In 1743, a counter-weighted, man-powered personal elevator was built for King Louis XV, connecting his apartment in Versailles with that of his mistress, Madame de Chà ¢teauroux, whose quarters were one floor above his own. 19th Century Elevators From about the middle of the 19th century, elevators were powered, often steam-operated,  and were used for transporting materials in factories, mines, and warehouses. In 1823, two architects named Burton and Homer built an ascending room, as they called it. This crude elevator was used to lift paying tourists to a platform for a panoramic view of London. In 1835, architects Frost and Stuart built the Teagle, a belt-driven, counter-weighted and steam-driven lift was developed in England. In 1846, Sir William Armstrong introduced the hydraulic crane and by the early 1870s, hydraulic machines began to replace the steam-powered elevator. The hydraulic elevator is supported by a heavy piston, moving in a cylinder and is operated by the water (or oil) pressure produced by pumps. The Elevator Brakes of Elisha Otis In 1852, American inventor Elisha Otis moved to Yonkers, New York  to work for the bedstead firm of Maize Burns. It was the owner of the company, Josiah Maize, that inspired Otis to start designing elevators.  Maize needed a new hoisting device to lift heavy equipment to the upper floor of his factory. In 1853, Otis demonstrated a freight elevator equipped with a safety device to prevent falling in case a supporting cable broke. This increased public confidence in such devices. In 1853, Otis established a company for manufacturing elevators and patented a steam elevator. For Josiah Maize, Otis invented something he called an  Improvement in Hoisting Apparatus Elevator Brake and demonstrated his new invention to the public  at the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York  in 1854. During the demonstration, Otis hoisted the elevator car to the top of the building and  then deliberately cut the elevator hoisting cables. However, instead of crashing, the elevator car was stopped because of the brakes that Otis had invented. While Otis did not actually invent the first elevator, his brakes, used in modern elevators, made skyscrapers a practical reality. In 1857, Otis and the Otis Elevator Company began manufacturing passenger elevators. A steam-powered passenger elevator was installed by the Otis Brothers in a five-story department store owned by E.W.  Haughtwhat Company of Manhattan. It was the worlds first public elevator. Elisha Otis Biography Elisha Otis was born on Aug. 3, 1811, in Halifax, Vermont, the youngest of six children. At the age of twenty, Otis moved to Troy, New York and worked as a wagon driver. In 1834, he married Susan A. Houghton and had two sons with her. Unfortunately, his wife died, leaving Otis a young widower with two small children.In 1845, Otis moved to Albany, New York after marrying his second wife, Elizabeth A. Boyd. Otis found a job as a master mechanic making bedsteads for Otis Tingley Company. It was here that Otis first began inventing. Among his first inventions were a railway safety brake, rail turners for speeding the making of rails for four-poster beds and the improved turbine wheel.Otis died of diphtheria on April 8th, 1861 in Yonkers, New York. Electric Elevators Electric elevators came into  use toward the end of the 19th century. The first one was built by the German inventor Werner von Siemens in 1880. Black inventor, Alexander Miles patented an electric elevator (U.S. pat#371,207) on Oct. 11, 1887.

Bayesian Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Bayesian Networks - Essay Example BNs are graphical models that set probabilistic relationships among variables of interest. They depict the relationships between causes and effects. The BNs are strong knowledge representation and reasoning tool under conditions of uncertainty. The BNs are a directed acyclic graph having nodes and arcs with a conditional probability distribution linked for each node. Nodes stand for domain variables, and arcs between nodes stand for probabilistic dependencies. Set of nodes and a set of directed links between them must not form a cycle. Each node represents a random variable that can take discrete or continuous finite, mutually exclusive values. These values depend on a probability distribution, which can be different for each node. Each link states probabilistic cause-effect relations among the linked variables. A link is shown by an arc starting from the affecting variable (parent node) and ending on the affected variable (child node). We will use BNs to represent risk. For example, Figure 3.1 shows BN for "Decreased profits" risk. By linking together different risks we can model multiple risks in a project and we will look at this property in Chapter 5. Bayes' Theorem was developed after Rev. Thomas Bayes, an 18th century mathematician and theologian. Bayes set out his theory of probability in Essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1764. Richard Price, a friend of Bayes' sent the paper to the Royal Society and wrote: I now send you an essay which I have found among the papers of our deceased friend Mr Bayes, and which, in my opinion, has great merit... In an introduction which he has writ to this Essay, he says, that his design at first in thinking on the subject of it was, to find out a method by which we might judge concerning the probability that an event has to happen, in given circumstances, upon supposition that we know nothing concerning it but that, under the same circumstances, it has happened a certain number of times, and failed a certain other number of times. (Hogben 1970) Laplace accepted Bayes's results in a 1781 memoir and Condorcet rediscovered them (as Laplace mentions). They stayed accepted until Boole doubted them in the Laws of Thought . Mathematically Bayes theorem is stated as: Where it is possible to update our belief in hypothesis H given the additional evidence E. The left-hand term, P(H|E) is known as the "posterior probability," or the probability of H after considering the effect of E. The term P(H) is called the "prior probability" of H. The term P(E|H) is called the "likelihood" and gives the probability of the evidence assuming the hypothesis H is true. Finally, the last term P(E) is free of H and can be viewed as a normalizing or scaling factor. The power of Bayes' theorem is that in many situations where we actually want to calculate p(H|E) it turns out that it is hard to do so directly, yet we might have direct information about the likelihood, p(E|H). Bayes' theorem allows us to calculate p(H|E) in terms of p(E|H). 1.3 The Bayesian Approach to Probability and Statistics Understanding of the Bayesian method to probability and statistics helps to know BNs and related learning techniques. The

Operations Management - An Integrated Approach Case Study - 4

Operations Management - An Integrated Approach - Case Study Example The bank is concentrating on a customer-based change, in a bid to exacerbate its competitive advantage. Staffing, layout, and facilities are the critical targeted aspects in the customer service pursuit (Dan Reid & Sanders, 2005). The operations management should further account for an all-around treatment of operations components. These are quality, speed, dependability, flexibility, and cost (Dan Reid & Sanders, 2005). Since the bank is concerned with the customer aspect, the cost factor does not count in the required changes. However, it is important for the management to ensure that the bank operates within budget. The bank’s strategy to enhance its competitive advantage should target quality of its financial services, the speed of service at all levels, institutional dependability and flexibility of financial services to suit the different customers served. Facility upgrades will also complement these undertakings. A strategy tailored towards cutting costs rather than promoting customer service would require operational adjustments and re-adjustments where possible. Cutting on costs means that no additional costs can be incurred, and the already observed budget should be on the verge of declining. The improvements aforementioned in question two may need to be re-evaluated. The primary concern would be to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of the already functioning system in the bank. Facility upgrades may not be employed, but the quality, speed, dependability and flexibility aspects can be redesigned to become more efficient at the current or even lesser  budget.

Optical isomerism in Thalidomide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Optical isomerism in Thalidomide - Essay Example The tragedy which occurred due to thalidomide use led to very stringent testing requirement for pesticides and drugs before licensing. Initially, thalidomide was prescribed as effective painkiller and tranquilizer for insomnia, colds, coughs, and headaches. It was a very effective antiemetic inhibiting morning sickness, and this resulted into many pregnant women using thalidomide in order relieve their pregnancy symptoms. The relationship between the drug and defects in birth were suspected by Australian obstetrician, McBride William, and the German pediatrician, Lenz Widukind. This was later proven in 1961 by Lenz. Approximately 2500 thalidomide babies were born in Germany. The United States Congress constituted laws demanding safety tests during pregnancy before approving any drug. Other nations have passed similar laws too. This has seen thalidomide not sold or prescribed in several countries for decades1. The severe thalidomide impacts led to strict tests being carried out. The d rug was tested as a one single agent for treating multiple myeloma because of its ant angiogenesis activity during the research trials. Many studies have illustrated that thalidomide in combination with dexamethasone increases the rate of survival of the patients of multiple myeloma2. However, commercially produced drug differed from the one used during the research trials, and this resulted into other thalidomide effects. The commercially produced drug differed from that used in research trials in that during commercial productions, thalidomide was produced in combination with dexamethasone and melphalan, which is today the regimen most common for the patients who are newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma. This has seen the development of other side effects such as fatigue, polyneuropathy, venous thromboembolism (VTE), skin rush, or blood clot, which may result into myocardial infarction or stroke. Several scientists have made reviews on VTE relationship with thalidomide in multipl e myeloma diagnosed patients, and the results show that thalidomide administered without prophylaxis leads to a high rate of VTE (26%). Owing to this high VTE rates with thalidomide combined with doxorubicin or dexamethasone, which is commercially produces, a black box warning was given in 2006 in the United States to the thalidomide package showing that multiple myeloma patients receiving thalidomide-dexamethasone bay concurrently benefit from thromboembolism prophylaxis or aspirin. There has been production of other thalidomide derivatives such as lenalidomide and bortezomib3. The presence of optical isomers severely affects fetal development in pregnant women. Tests from the laboratory after the thalidomide disaster indicated that in some animals the 'R' isomer was an effective sedative, but the 'S' enantiomer was tetragenic. The presence of the optical isomers may also lead to phocomelia which is characterized by shortened limbs, or even complete absence. In addition, fetus may develop hypo plastic or external ear abnormalities, facial palsy, malfunctions of genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract, or even complete absent bones. Approximately 40% of such fetuses die after birth4. Conclusion To sum up, there is no acute toxicity in thalidomide and a fatal overdose may be impossible virtually. As a component of thalidomide, Citalopram has severe effects with the dosage of thalidomide. This is because Citalopram and peripheral

Performance Measure of PCA and DCT for Images

Performance Measure of PCA and DCT for Images Generally, in Image Processing the transformation is the basic technique that we apply in order to study the characteristics of the Image under scan. Under this process here we present a method in which we are analyzing the performance of the two methods namely, PCA and DCT. In this thesis we are going to analyze the system by first training the set for particular no. Of images and then analyzing the performance for the two methods by calculating the error in this two methods. This thesis referred and tested the PCA and DCT transformation techniques. PCA is a technique which involves a procedure which mathematically transforms number of probably related parameters into smaller number of parameters whose values dont change called principal components. The primary principal component accounts for much variability in the data, and each succeeding component accounts for much of the remaining variability. Depending on the application field, it is also called the separate Karhunen-Loà ¨ve transform (KLT), the Hotelling transform or proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). DCT expresses a series of finitely many data points in terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies. Transformations are important to numerous applications in science and engineering, from lossy compression of audio and images (where small high-frequency components can be discarded), to spectral methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Over the past few years, several face recognition systems have been proposed based on principal components analysis (PCA) [14, 8, 13, 15, 1, 10, 16, 6]. Although the details vary, these systems can all be described in terms of the same preprocessing and run-time steps. During preprocessing, they register a gallery of m training images to each other and unroll each image into a vector of n pixel values. Next, the mean image for the gallery is subtracted from each  and the resulting centered images are placed in a gallery matrix M. Element [i; j] of M is the ith pixel from the jth image. A covariance matrix W = MMT characterizes the distribution of the m images in Ân. A subset of the Eigenvectors of W are used as the basis vectors for a subspace in which to compare gallery and novel probe images. When sorted by decreasing Eigenvalue, the full set of unit length Eigenvectors represent an orthonormal basis where the first direction corresponds to the direction of maximum variance i n the images, the second the next largest variance, etc. These basis vectors are the Principle Components of the gallery images. Once the Eigenspace is computed, the centered gallery images are projected into this subspace. At run-time, recognition is accomplished by projecting a centered  probe image into the subspace and the nearest gallery image to the probe image is selected as its match. There are many differences in the systems referenced. Some systems assume that the images are registered prior to face recognition [15, 10, 11, 16]; among the rest, a variety of techniques are used to identify facial features and register them to each other. Different systems may use different distance measures when matching probe images to the nearest gallery image. Different systems select different numbers of Eigenvectors (usually those corresponding to the largest k Eigenvalues) in order to compress the data and to improve accuracy by eliminating Eigenvectors corresponding to noise rather than meaningful variation. To help evaluate and compare individual steps of the face recognition process, Moon and Phillips created the FERET face database, and performed initial comparisons of some common distance measures for otherwise identical systems [10, 11, 9]. This paper extends their work, presenting further comparisons of distance measures over the FERET database and examining alternative way of selecting subsets of Eigenvectors. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is one of the most successful techniques that have been used in image recognition and compression. PCA is a statistical method under the broad title of factor analysis. The purpose of PCA is to reduce the large dimensionality of the data space (observed variables) to the smaller intrinsic dimensionality of feature space (independent variables), which are needed to describe the data economically. This is the case when there is a strong correlation between observed variables. The jobs which PCA can do are pred iction, redundancy removal, feature extraction, data compression, etc. Because PCA is a classical technique which can do something in the linear domain, applications having linear models are suitable, such as signal processing, image processing, system and control theory, communications, etc. Face recognition has many applicable areas. Moreover, it can be categorized into face identification, face classification, or sex determination. The most useful applications contain crowd surveillance, video content indexing, personal identification (ex. drivers license), mug shots matching, entrance security, etc. The main idea of using PCA for face recognition is to express the large 1-D vector of pixels constructed from 2-D facial image into the compact principal components of the feature space. This can be called eigen space projection. Eigen space is calculated by identifying the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix derived from a set of facial images(vectors). The details are described i n the following section. PCA computes the basis of a space which is represented by its training vectors. These basis vectors, actually eigenvectors, computed by PCA are in the direction of the largest variance of the training vectors. As it has been said earlier, we call them eigenfaces. Each eigenface can be viewed a feature. When a particular face is projected onto the face space, its vector into the face space describe the importance of each of those features in the face. The face is expressed in the face space by its eigenface coefficients (or weights). We can handle a large input vector, facial image, only by taking its small weight vector in the face space. This means that we can reconstruct the original face with some error, since the dimensionality of the image space is much larger than that of face space. A face recognition system using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm. Automatic face recognition systems try to find the identity of a given face image according to their memory. The memory of a face recognizer is generally simulated by a training set. In this project, our training set consists of the features extracted from known face images of different persons. Thus, the task of the face recognizer is to find the most similar feature vector among the training set to the feature vector of a given test image. Here, we want to recognize the identity of a person where an image of that person (test image) is given to the system. You will use PCA as a feature extraction algorithm in this project. In the training phase, you should extract feature vectors for each image in the training set. Let  ­A be a training image of person A which has a pixel resolution of M  £ N (M rows, N columns). In order to extract PCA features of  ­A, you will first convert the image into a pixel vector à A by concatenating each of the M rows into a single vector. The length (or, dimensionality) of the vector à A will be M  £N. In this project, you will use the PCA algorithm as a dimensionality reduction technique which transforms the vector à A to a vector !A which has a imensionality d where d  ¿ M  £ N. For each training image  ­i, you should calculate and store these feature vectors !i. In the recognition phase (or, testing phase), you will be given a test image  ­j of a known person. Let  ®j be the identity (name) of this person. As in the training phase, you should compute the feature vector of this person using PCA and obtain !j . In order to identify  ­j , you should compute the similarities between !j and all of the feature vectors !is in the training set. The similarity between feature vectors can be computed using Euclidean distance. The identity of the most similar !i will be the output of our face recogn izer. If i = j, it means that we have correctly identified the person j, otherwise if i 6= j, it means that we have misclassified the person j. 1.2 Thesis structure: This thesis work is divided into five chapters as follows. Chapter 1: Introduction This introductory chapter is briefly explains the procedure of transformation in the Face Recognition and its applications. And here we explained the scope of this research. And finally it gives the structure of the thesis for friendly usage. Chapter 2: Basis of Transformation Techniques. This chapter gives an introduction to the Transformation techniques. In this chapter we have introduced two transformation techniques for which we are going to perform the analysis and result are used for face recognition purpose Chapter 3: Discrete Cosine Transformation In this chapter we have continued the part from chapter 2 about transformations. In this other method ie., DCT is introduced and analysis is done Chapter 4: Implementation and results This chapter presents the simulated results of the face recognition analysis using MATLAB. And it gives the explanation for each and every step of the design of face recognition analysis and it gives the tested results of the transformation algorithms. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future work This is the final chapter in this thesis. Here, we conclude our research and discussed about the achieved results of this research work and suggested future work for this research. CHAPTER 2 BASICs of Image Transform Techniques 2.1 Introduction: Now a days Image Processing has been gained so much of importance that in every field of science we apply image processing for the purpose of security as well as increasing demand for it. Here we apply two different transformation techniques in order study the performance which will be helpful in the detection purpose. The computation of the performance of the image given for testing is performed in two steps: PCA (Principal Component Analysis) DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) 2.2 Principal Component Analysis: PCA is a technique which involves a procedure which mathematically transforms number of possibly correlated variables into smaller number of uncorrelated variables called principal components. The first principal component accounts for much variability in the data, and each succeeding component accounts for much of the remaining variability. Depending on the application field, it is also called the discrete Karhunen-Loà ¨ve transform (KLT), the Hotelling transform or proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). Now PCA is mostly used as a tool in exploration of data analysis and for making prognostic models. PCA also involves calculation for the Eigen value decomposition of a data covariance matrix or singular value decomposition of a data matrix, usually after mean centring the data from each attribute. The results of this analysis technique are usually shown in terms of component scores and also as loadings. PCA is real Eigen based multivariate analysis. Its action can be termed in terms of as edifying the inner arrangement of the data in a shape which give details of the mean and variance in the data. If there is any multivariate data then its visualized as a set if coordinates in a multi dimensional data space, this algorithm allows the users having pictures with a lower aspect reveal a shadow of object in view from a higher aspect view which reveals the true informative nature of the object. PCA is very closely related to aspect analysis, some statistical software packages purposely conflict the two techniques. True aspect analysis makes different assumptions about the original configuration and then solves eigenvectors of a little different medium. 2.2.1 PCA Implementation: PCA is mathematically defined as an orthogonal linear transformation technique that transforms data to a new coordinate system, such that the greatest variance from any projection of data comes to lie on the first coordinate, the second greatest variance on the second coordinate, and so on. PCA is theoretically the optimum transform technique for given data in least square terms. For a data matrix, XT, with zero empirical mean ie., the empirical mean of the distribution has been subtracted from the data set, where each row represents a different repetition of the experiment, and each column gives the results from a particular probe, the PCA transformation is given by: Where the matrix ÃŽÂ £ is an m-by-n diagonal matrix, where diagonal elements ae non-negative and W  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ £Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  VT is the singular value decomposition of  X. Given a set of points in Euclidean space, the first principal component part corresponds to the line that passes through the mean and minimizes the sum of squared errors with those points. The second principal component corresponds to the same part after all the correlation terms with the first principal component has been subtracted from the points. Each Eigen value indicates the part of the variance ie., correlated with each eigenvector. Thus, the sum of all the Eigen values is equal to the sum of squared distance of the points with their mean divided by the number of dimensions. PCA rotates the set of points around its mean in order to align it with the first few principal components. This moves as much of the variance as possible into the first few dimensions. The values in the remaining dimensions tend to be very highly correlated and may be dropped with minimal loss of information. PCA is used for dimensionality reduction. PCA is optimal linear transformation technique for keep ing the subspace which has largest variance. This advantage comes with the price of greater computational requirement. In discrete cosine transform, Non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques tend to be more computationally demanding in comparison with PCA. Mean subtraction is necessary in performing PCA to ensure that the first principal component describes the direction of maximum variance. If mean subtraction is not performed, the first principal component will instead correspond to the mean of the data. A mean of zero is needed for finding a basis that minimizes the mean square error of the approximation of the data. Assuming zero empirical mean (the empirical mean of the distribution has been subtracted from the data set), the principal component w1 of a data set x can be defined as: With the first k  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1 component, the kth component can be found by subtracting the first k à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1 principal components from x: and by substituting this as the new data set to find a principal component in The other transform is therefore equivalent to finding the singular value decomposition of the data matrix X, and then obtaining the space data matrix Y by projecting X down into the reduced space defined by only the first L singular vectors, WL: The matrix W of singular vectors of X is equivalently the matrix W of eigenvectors of the matrix of observed covariances C = X XT, The eigenvectors with the highest eigen values correspond to the dimensions that have the strongest correlation in the data set (see Rayleigh quotient). PCA is equivalent to empirical orthogonal functions (EOF), a name which is used in meteorology. An auto-encoder neural network with a linear hidden layer is similar to PCA. Upon convergence, the weight vectors of the K neurons in the hidden layer will form a basis for the space spanned by the first K principal components. Unlike PCA, this technique will not necessarily produce orthogonal vectors. PCA is a popular primary technique in pattern recognition. But its not optimized for class separability. An alternative is the linear discriminant analysis, which does take this into account. 2.2.2 PCA Properties and Limitations PCA is theoretically the optimal linear scheme, in terms of least mean square error, for compressing a set of high dimensional vectors into a set of lower dimensional vectors and then reconstructing the original set. It is a non-parametric analysis and the answer is unique and independent of any hypothesis about data probability distribution. However, the latter two properties are regarded as weakness as well as strength, in that being non-parametric, no prior knowledge can be incorporated and that PCA compressions often incur loss of information. The applicability of PCA is limited by the assumptions[5] made in its derivation. These assumptions are: We assumed the observed data set to be linear combinations of certain basis. Non-linear methods such as kernel PCA have been developed without assuming linearity. PCA uses the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix and it only finds the independent axes of the data under the Gaussian assumption. For non-Gaussian or multi-modal Gaussian data, PCA simply de-correlates the axes. When PCA is used for clustering, its main limitation is that it does not account for class separability since it makes no use of the class label of the feature vector. There is no guarantee that the directions of maximum variance will contain good features for discrimination. PCA simply performs a coordinate rotation that aligns the transformed axes with the directions of maximum variance. It is only when we believe that the observed data has a high signal-to-noise ratio that the principal components with larger variance correspond to interesting dynamics and lower ones correspond to noise. 2.2.3 Computing PCA with covariance method Following is a detailed description of PCA using the covariance method . The goal is to transform a given data set X of dimension M to an alternative data set Y of smaller dimension L. Equivalently; we are seeking to find the matrix Y, where Y is the KLT of matrix X: Organize the data set Suppose you have data comprising a set of observations of M variables, and you want to reduce the data so that each observation can be described with only L variables, L Write as column vectors, each of which has M rows. Place the column vectors into a single matrix X of dimensions M ÃÆ'- N. Calculate the empirical mean Find the empirical mean along each dimension m = 1,  ,  M. Place the calculated mean values into an empirical mean vector u of dimensions M ÃÆ'- 1. Calculate the deviations from the mean Mean subtraction is an integral part of the solution towards finding a principal component basis that minimizes the mean square error of approximating the data. Hence we proceed by centering the data as follows: Subtract the empirical mean vector u from each column of the data matrix X. Store mean-subtracted data in the M ÃÆ'- N matrix B. where h is a 1  ÃƒÆ'-  N row vector of all  1s: Find the covariance matrix Find the M ÃÆ'- M empirical covariance matrix C from the outer product of matrix B with itself: where is the expected value operator, is the outer product operator, and is the conjugate transpose operator. Please note that the information in this section is indeed a bit fuzzy. Outer products apply to vectors, for tensor cases we should apply tensor products, but the covariance matrix in PCA, is a sum of outer products between its sample vectors, indeed it could be represented as B.B*. See the covariance matrix sections on the discussion page for more information. Find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the covariance matrix Compute the matrix V of eigenvectors which diagonalizes the covariance matrix C: where D is the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues of C. This step will typically involve the use of a computer-based algorithm for computing eigenvectors and eigenvalues. These algorithms are readily available as sub-components of most matrix algebra systems, such as MATLAB[7][8], Mathematica[9], SciPy, IDL(Interactive Data Language), or GNU Octave as well as OpenCV. Matrix D will take the form of an M ÃÆ'- M diagonal matrix, where is the mth eigenvalue of the covariance matrix C, and Matrix V, also of dimension M ÃÆ'- M, contains M column vectors, each of length M, which represent the M eigenvectors of the covariance matrix C. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors are ordered and paired. The mth eigenvalue corresponds to the mth eigenvector. Rearrange the eigenvectors and eigenvalues Sort the columns of the eigenvector matrix V and eigenvalue matrix D in order of decreasing eigenvalue. Make sure to maintain the correct pairings between the columns in each matrix. Compute the cumulative energy content for each eigenvector The eigenvalues represent the distribution of the source datas energy among each of the eigenvectors, where the eigenvectors form a basis for the data. The cumulative energy content g for the mth eigenvector is the sum of the energy content across all of the eigenvalues from 1 through m: Select a subset of the eigenvectors as basis vectors Save the first L columns of V as the M ÃÆ'- L matrix W: where Use the vector g as a guide in choosing an appropriate value for L. The goal is to choose a value of L as small as possible while achieving a reasonably high value of g on a percentage basis. For example, you may want to choose L so that the cumulative energy g is above a certain threshold, like 90 percent. In this case, choose the smallest value of L such that Convert the source data to z-scores Create an M ÃÆ'- 1 empirical standard deviation vector s from the square root of each element along the main diagonal of the covariance matrix C: Calculate the M ÃÆ'- N z-score matrix: (divide element-by-element) Note: While this step is useful for various applications as it normalizes the data set with respect to its variance, it is not integral part of PCA/KLT! Project the z-scores of the data onto the new basis The projected vectors are the columns of the matrix W* is the conjugate transpose of the eigenvector matrix. The columns of matrix Y represent the Karhunen-Loeve transforms (KLT) of the data vectors in the columns of matrix  X. 2.2.4 PCA Derivation Let X be a d-dimensional random vector expressed as column vector. Without loss of generality, assume X has zero mean. We want to find a Orthonormal transformation matrix P such that with the constraint that is a diagonal matrix and By substitution, and matrix algebra, we obtain: We now have: Rewrite P as d column vectors, so and as: Substituting into equation above, we obtain: Notice that in , Pi is an eigenvector of the covariance matrix of X. Therefore, by finding the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of X, we find a projection matrix P that satisfies the original constraints. CHAPTER 3 DISCRETE Cosine transform 3.1 Introduction: A discrete cosine transform (DCT) expresses a sequence of finitely many data points in terms of a sum of cosine functions oscillating at different frequencies. DCTs are important to numerous applications in engineering, from lossy compression of audio and images, to spectral methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. The use of cosine rather than sine functions is critical in these applications: for compression, it turns out that cosine functions are much more efficient, whereas for differential equations the cosines express a particular choice of boundary conditions. In particular, a DCT is a Fourier-related transform similar to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), but using only real numbers. DCTs are equivalent to DFTs of roughly twice the length, operating on real data with even symmetry (since the Fourier transform of a real and even function is real and even), where in some variants the input and/or output data are shifted by half a sample. There are eight standard DCT variants, of which four are common. The most common variant of discrete cosine transform is the type-II DCT, which is often called simply the DCT; its inverse, the type-III DCT, is correspondingly often called simply the inverse DCT or the IDCT. Two related transforms are the discrete sine transforms (DST), which is equivalent to a DFT of real and odd functions, and the modified discrete cosine transforms (MDCT), which is based on a DCT of overlapping data. 3.2 DCT forms: Formally, the discrete cosine transform is a linear, invertible function F  : RN -> RN, or equivalently an invertible N ÃÆ'- N square matrix. There are several variants of the DCT with slightly modified definitions. The N real numbers x0, , xN-1 are transformed into the N real numbers X0, , XN-1 according to one of the formulas: DCT-I Some authors further multiply the x0 and xN-1 terms by à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡2, and correspondingly multiply the X0 and XN-1 terms by 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡2. This makes the DCT-I matrix orthogonal, if one further multiplies by an overall scale factor of , but breaks the direct correspondence with a real-even DFT. The DCT-I is exactly equivalent, to a DFT of 2N à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 real numbers with even symmetry. For example, a DCT-I of N=5 real numbers abcde is exactly equivalent to a DFT of eight real numbers abcdedcb, divided by two. Note, however, that the DCT-I is not defined for N less than 2. Thus, the DCT-I corresponds to the boundary conditions: xn is even around n=0 and even around n=N-1; similarly for Xk. DCT-II The DCT-II is probably the most commonly used form, and is often simply referred to as the DCT. This transform is exactly equivalent to a DFT of 4N real inputs of even symmetry where the even-indexed elements are zero. That is, it is half of the DFT of the 4N inputs yn, where y2n = 0, y2n + 1 = xn for , and y4N à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ n = yn for 0 Some authors further multiply the X0 term by 1/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡2 and multiply the resulting matrix by an overall scale factor of . This makes the DCT-II matrix orthogonal, but breaks the direct correspondence with a real-even DFT of half-shifted input. The DCT-II implies the boundary conditions: xn is even around n=-1/2 and even around n=N-1/2; Xk is even around k=0 and odd around k=N. DCT-III Because it is the inverse of DCT-II (up to a scale factor, see below), this form is sometimes simply referred to as the inverse DCT (IDCT). Some authors further multiply the x0 term by à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡2 and multiply the resulting matrix by an overall scale factor of , so that the DCT-II and DCT-III are transposes of one another. This makes the DCT-III matrix orthogonal, but breaks the direct correspondence with a real-even DFT of half-shifted output. The DCT-III implies the boundary conditions: xn is even around n=0 and odd around n=N; Xk is even around k=-1/2 and even around k=N-1/2. DCT-IV The DCT-IV matrix becomes orthogonal if one further multiplies by an overall scale factor of . A variant of the DCT-IV, where data from different transforms are overlapped, is called the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) (Malvar, 1992). The DCT-IV implies the boundary conditions: xn is even around n=-1/2 and odd around n=N-1/2; similarly for Xk. DCT V-VIII DCT types I-IV are equivalent to real-even DFTs of even order, since the corresponding DFT is of length 2(Nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1) (for DCT-I) or 4N (for DCT-II/III) or 8N (for DCT-VIII). In principle, there are actually four additional types of discrete cosine transform, corresponding essentially to real-even DFTs of logically odd order, which have factors of N ±Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ in the denominators of the cosine arguments. Equivalently, DCTs of types I-IV imply boundaries that are even/odd around either a data point for both boundaries or halfway between two data points for both boundaries. DCTs of types V-VIII imply boundaries that even/odd around a data point for one boundary and halfway between two data points for the other boundary. However, these variants seem to be rarely used in practice. One reason, perhaps, is that FFT algorithms for odd-length DFTs are generally more complicated than FFT algorithms for even-length DFTs (e.g. the simplest radix-2 algorithms are only for even lengths), and this increased intricacy carries over to the DCTs as described below. Inverse transforms Using the normalization conventions above, the inverse of DCT-I is DCT-I multiplied by 2/(N-1). The inverse of DCT-IV is DCT-IV multiplied by 2/N. The inverse of DCT-II is DCT-III multiplied by 2/N and vice versa. Like for the DFT, the normalization factor in front of these transform definitions is merely a convention and differs between treatments. For example, some authors multiply the transforms by so that the inverse does not require any additional multiplicative factor. Combined with appropriate factors of à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡2 (see above), this can be used to make the transform matrix orthogonal. Multidimensional DCTs Multidimensional variants of the various DCT types follow straightforwardly from the one-dimensional definitions: they are simply a separable product (equivalently, a composition) of DCTs along each dimension. For example, a two-dimensional DCT-II of an image or a matrix is simply the one-dimensional DCT-II, from above, performed along the rows and then along the columns (or vice versa). That is, the 2d DCT-II is given by the formula (omitting normalization and other scale factors, as above): Two-dimensional DCT frequencies Technically, computing a two- (or multi-) dimensional DCT by sequences of one-dimensional DCTs along each dimension is known as a row-column algorithm. As with multidimensional FFT algorithms, however, there exist other methods to compute the same thing while performing the computations in a different order. The inverse of a multi-dimensional DCT is just a separable product of the inverse(s) of the corresponding one-dimensional DCT(s), e.g. the one-dimensional inverses applied along one dimension at a time in a row-column algorithm. The image to the right shows combination of horizontal and vertical frequencies for an 8 x 8 (N1 = N2 = 8) two-dimensional DCT. Each step from left to right and top to bottom is an increase in frequency by 1/2 cycle. For example, moving right one from the top-left square yields a half-cycle increase in the horizontal frequency. Another move to the right yields two half-cycles. A move down yields two half-cycles horizontally and a half-cycle vertically. The source data (88) is transformed to a linear combination of these 64 frequency squares. Chapter 4 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS 4.1 Introduction: In previous chapters (chapter 2 and chapter 3), we get the theoretical knowledge about the Principal Component Analysis and Discrete Cosine Transform. In our thesis work we have seen the analysis of both transform. To execute these tasks we chosen a platform called MATLAB, stands for matrix laboratory. It is an efficient language for Digital image processing. The image processing toolbox in MATLAB is a collection of different MATAB functions that extend the capability of the MATLAB environment for the solution of digital image processing problems. [13] 4.2 Practical implementation of Performance analysis: As discussed earlier we are going to perform analysis for the two transform methods, to the images as, <